子弹真得飞一会儿。说来我导师说过，就是国内导师，就是不管风评好还是不好，对于学生的控制力也都是非常强的，有些喜欢很独立工作的人，他真的很不容易适应。外国，外导，非华人，特别是六七十岁七八十岁这种老师，他相对来说真的非常自由，你不找他就跟死了一样。而且你心态建设也比较好建设，我已经有觉悟了，做不好就做不好，做好了自然好，不会出现那种拧巴心态。可能有人会觉得不好，但是萝卜青菜各有所爱。| 點擊數：207 | 回複數：67 |
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研究政策期刊：比利时3659名在读PhD博士生心理压力研究，51%有至少两种心理问题症状；平均年龄28岁，71%有伴侣，13.5%有孩子；首要预测因素：工作冲击家庭；其次：工作要求；第三：家庭影响工作
美国某知名教育集团做的上海教育市场调查部分内容，为内部资料。是在该集团实习员工发到网上，不同于媒体按赞助费广告费给的评比标准。知名度排名：1.金吉利 2.新东方 3.美勤 4.启德 5.新通；专业度排名：1.美勤 2.棕榈 3.中智 4.再来人 5.学美；录取满意度排名：1.美勤 2.世毕盟 3.中智 4.学美 5.澳际《研究政策期刊 Research Policy》Work organization and mental health problems in PhD students | 博士生的研究工作与心理健康问题
March 2017
Under pressure? This study found that the work stress that PhD students face can have significant impact on their mental health. 在压力之下？ 这项研究发现，博士生面临的工作压力会对他们的心理健康产生重大影响。
Authors
Katia Levecque; Frederik Anseel; Alain De Beuckelaer; Johan Van der Heyden; Lydia Gisle
Institutions
Ghent University; ECOOM; Bocconi University; Radboud University Nijmegen; Renmin University of China; Institut Scientifique de Sante Publique; OD Public Health and Surveillance
Countries
Belgium; Italy; Netherlands; China
Highlights
One in two PhD students experiences psychological distress
; one in three is at risk of a common psychiatric disorder. 二分之一的博士生经历过心理困扰； 三分之一的人有患常见精神疾病的风险。
The prevalence of mental health problems is higher in PhD students than in the highly educated general population, highly educated employees and higher education students. 博士生心理健康问题的患病率高于高学历普通人群、高学历职工和高等教育学生。
Work and organizational context are significant predictors of PhD students’ mental health. 工作和组织环境是博士生心理健康的重要预测因素。
Table 1. Context box: Similarities and differences between European and North American (U.S.) PhD programs.Abstract
Research policy observers are increasingly concerned about the potential impact of current academic working conditions on mental health, particularly in PhD students. The aim of the current study is threefold. First, we assess the prevalence of mental health problems in a representative sample of PhD students in Flanders, Belgium (N = 3659). Second, we compare PhD students to three other samples: (1) highly educated in the general population (N = 769); (2) highly educated employees (N = 592); and (3) higher education students (N = 333). Third, we assess those organizational factors
relating to the role of PhD students that predict mental health status. Results based on 12 mental health symptoms (GHQ-12) showed that 32% of PhD students are at risk of having or developing a common psychiatric disorder, especially depression. This estimate was significantly higher than those obtained in the comparison groups. Organizational policies were significantly associated with the prevalence of mental health problems. Especially work-family interface, job demands and job control, the supervisor’s leadership style, team decision-making culture, and perception of a career outside academia are linked to mental health problems.
研究政策观察家越来越关注当前学术工作条件对心理健康的潜在影响，特别是对博士生的影响。 当前研究的目的有三个。 首先，我们评估了比利时佛兰德斯
博士生代表性样本（N = 3659）的心理健康问题患病率。 其次，我们将博士生与其他三个样本进行比较：（1）普通人群中受过高等教育的人（N = 769）； （2）受过高等教育的员工（N = 592）； (3) 高等教育学生 (N = 333)。 第三，我们评估与预测心理健康状况的博士生角色相关的组织因素。 基于 12 种心理健康症状
(GHQ-12) 的结果显示，32% 的博士生有患或发展常见精神疾病的风险，尤其是抑郁症。 该估计值明显高于对照组中获得的估计值。 组织政策与心理健康问题的发生率显着相关。 尤其是工作与家庭的界面、工作要求和工作控制、主管的领导风格、团队决策文化以及对学术界以外职业的看法都与心理健康问题有关。
Fig. 1. Evolution in ratio between faculty positions and PhD students, 1999–2014, Flanders (Belgium).Similarities and differences between European and North American (U.S.) PhD programs.
Similarities
Emphasis on independent, individual research aimed at an original contribution to scientific knowledge 强调独立、个人的研究，旨在对科学知识做出原创贡献
One or two main faculty advisors, assisted by a guidance committee and ultimately an examination board 一到两名主要教授指导，由指导委员会和最终考试委员会协助
Provision of a structured PhD program with courses on specialist topics and transferrable skills 提供结构化的博士课程，包括专业主题和可转移技能的课程
Predominance of universities with centralized PhD program policies 集中博士项目政策的大学占主导地位
Wide availability of funding opportunities (depending on prior qualifications) 广泛的资助机会（取决于先前的资格
Universities tend to cooperate with other PhD programs internationally, although internationalization in Europe is more pronounced than in the U.S. 尽管欧洲的国际化比美国更为明显，但大学倾向于与国际上的其他博士项目合作。
Table 3. Characteristics of PhD students, Flanders 2013 (N = 3659): percentage (%), mean (M), standard deviation (SD), minimum-maximum (Min-Max).Differences
Fees. Considerable variation in fees in US higher education institutions, but generally higher than in Europe. In Belgium, the PhD program fee is less than €300 (around 325 USD). A similar fee is charged for the PhD defense
.
费用：美国高等教育机构的学费差异很大，但普遍高于欧洲。 在比利时，博士课程费用不到 300 欧元（约合 325 美元）。 博士学位答辩也收取类似的费用。
Degree. Unlike in the U.S., in most of Europe obtaining a Master’s degree is not part of the PhD program, but an entrance requirement
. In the U.S., most PhD programs require a Bachelor’s degree (4 years of study) or a Master’s degree. 学位：与美国不同，在欧洲大多数国家，获得硕士学位并不是博士学位课程的一部分，而是入学要求。 在美国，大多数博士课程都需要学士学位（4 年学习）或硕士学位。
Variation in publication requirement. While publication requirements
vary considerably across countries and disciplines, European PhD models may put more emphasis on having published research by the time of dissertation submission. 发表论文要求：虽然不同国家和学科的发表要求差异很大，但欧洲博士模式可能更强调在提交论文时发表研究成果。
Time-to-degree. Although there is significant variation between disciplines, median time-to-degree in the U.S. is 7 years (often due to the mandatory integration of a Master’s degree), and, in Europe, 5 years. 完成学位时间：尽管不同学科之间存在显着差异，但美国获得学位的中位时间为 7 年（通常是由于硕士学位的强制整合），而在欧洲为 5 年。
Finance. In the U.S., being accepted into a PhD program is often associated with a scholarship that not only pays the fees but also a stipend. In Belgium, the majority of PhD students has a fixed-term formal employment contract with the university
(as research assistant or project researcher) or received a personal PhD scholarship
. A small minority of PhD students are employed elsewhere or are unemployed. 资助：在美国，被博士学位课程录取通常与奖学金相关，奖学金不仅支付学费，还提供津贴。 在比利时，大多数博士生与大学签订有固定期限的正式就业合同（作为研究助理或项目研究员）或获得个人博士奖学金。 少数博士生在其他地方就业或失业。
PhD program. In the U.S., more emphasis
is put on formalized intensive coursework with PhD students needing to pass qualifying exams before they can proceed. In contrast, European PhD programs may put more emphasis on personal “on-the-job” training by an advisor. 博士课程。 在美国，更加重视正式的强化课程，博士生需要通过资格考试才能继续学习。 相比之下，欧洲博士课程可能更注重顾问的个人“在职”培训。
Table 5. Predictors of common mental health problems in PhD students, Flanders 2013 (N = 3659): odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), level of significance, relative weights (RW – only reported when p < 0.05).Katia Levecque, Frederik Anseel, Alain De Beuckelaer, Johan Van der Heyden, Lydia Gisle, "Work organization and mental health problems in PhD students", Research Policy, Volume 46, Issue 4, 2017, Pages 868-879, ISSN 0048-7333, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respo
