目前共有69篇帖子。
(转载知乎)在伦敦政治经济学院 (LSE) 就读是怎样的一番体验?
51樓 JosephHeinrich 2024-4-10 00:14
作者:匿名用户
链接:https://www.zhihu.com/question/24356836/answer/42116571
来源:知乎
著作权归作者所有。商业转载请联系作者获得授权,非商业转载请注明出处。

(转帖) 一个外国学生 在LSE 学MSc. Econ 写的学业感受(仅供参考)
%% 文中提到EME 相关信息
%% 长文

Mid Year Review and Advice for Incoming Students
February 13, 2005 By 
Vinayak NagarajVersion 0.05 – 14-02-2005
I didn’t have much time to sit down and write this out earlier, I’ve been extremely busy trying to get my act together and see if I can still manage a respectable grade on my course. Now that the issue is moot, I might as well tell you how to get it right at the LSE.
First of all, congratulations! Beyond all doubt, you are entering what could arguably be the best ranked non-phd course in the world. LSE and it’s row of Nobel Prize winne
rs (the first thing you notice when you enter the Students Service Center) still has better recall among people in the know, than any other institution serving Economics as a course. The biggest reason for this is perhaps the fact that it solely caters to instruction in the social sciences, but some amazing work has come out of this place over the last one hundred years!
This paragraph is mostly a quick review of where I’m from and a lot on the Indian educational system.
In case you haven’t read my profile, you can find little bits of it here, and here. I finished my undergrad in India, so coming here was obviously going to be something entirely different. In all fairness
, I didn’t study much Economics in India – the style and approach to the subject could fool you into believing you are studying an Economic History course. I recently recieved some critique on this issue, and felt that I should elaborate a little further. At the undergraduate level, almost all Economics courses in India (excepting Calcutta which I don’t have any information on) are effectively a three year journey into the origin and development of the subject. Most of the reading material we used were ‘do it yourself’ guides
 to understanding how to pass an exam… one that contains no problem sets and little or no mathematical material. Exams are usually essay questions geared to test your understanding of the historical significance of what you learnt. JG raises the point that Delhi/Calcutta offer problem set approaches with technical levels that may exceed those that are offered in the United States. My own personal opinion is to strongly disagree with that opinion. Atleast when it comes to Delhi/Bombay/Madras, friends who still study / just graduated from these institutions confirm that the system hasn’t changed in the last two years that I haven’t been around. Once again, with regard to Calcutta, I don’t have much information so I won’t say anything except for the fact that they’re one of the only institutions to offer a BSc. in Economics (a la United Kingdom) as against a BA. Please don’t take this as an absolutely negative comment on the Indian system. There are many advantages to the way in which we are taught. We get a much better bigger picture than most other systems in the world. Whereas history of Economic Thought is optional most everywhere, most Indian Economics students must compulsarily enroll in a HET course or related option. This brings about a much better intuitive understanding of Economics as a whole. However, I still stand by the fact that the entire systematic problem-set approach
 is on the whole a non-existent entity in India (Calcutta may be the sole exception). The first time I did a problem set was at the LSE, at summer school
.
My offer of admission came in November last year; I was one of the first applicants, and I really pushed hard on my app for an admit. From the looks of it, most of my peers have an 800 in their GRE Quant. Its something that probably appears to be an initial way to chaff the applications, as do many other institutions around the world. However, that doesn’t mean they don’t admit non 800s… but those that get in without an 800, are exceptional on most other counts (and would have got an 800 on any other day). That leads me to an important point – expect to see the cr?me de la cr?me of students when you get here. One interesting observation is that I encounter people who would cruise through Grad school in the United States like a world champion ice skater. When I ask them, “so are you thinking about Grad school in the US”, a lot of them often tell me that they’d love to do a PhD but rather die than go study in the US. They detest the thought of their European liberal freedom being curtailed. There are a *lot* of students who feel this way, and in a way, the American in me feels a tinge of sadness – these guys are insanely brilliant… and Goldman Sachs gets them instead :)
To keep this review in focus, I’ll stick to the MSc. Economics one year course, and dabble a little bit into the MSc. Econ two year and the MSc. Econometric and Mathematical Economics degree. The MSCE2Y is basically the combination of the Diploma course – a one year undergraduate course that beefs up your concepts – very often required for Indian students, and almost always required for non-economics
 students, and the MSc proper that I’m doing right now. The EME course is considered the gold standard of “Psycho-Insane” existence. It’s a year of crazy-assed
 Econ/Math/Stat courses, and a year of advanced Economics/Econometrics courses that are one level higher than what we learn at the MSc. Economics course.
MSCE1Y students are required to compulsorily take the September course in Economics (EC400). The rule is that you need to pass this in order to continue to the course. If you fail or are on the border, though they may ask you to leave, no one to my knowledge had that treatment meted out to them. Instead I think some may have been asked to attend additional Math prep classes organized specially for them. I’m not too sure on this, but this is what they had told us would happen.
EC400 can be a nightmare to anyone, irrespective of what kind of a background you’re from. The reason is that it is extremely cramped. In three weeks they take the life out of you – filling you with information that you would ordinarily wish to consume over a few months. You attend one week of economics revision, one week of Micro-Math, one week of Macro-Math, and three weeks (concurrently running) of Statistics. Econ revision is out of a Hal Varian’s Intermediate Microeconomics and is fairly straightforward. Micro-math is out of Simon and Blume – concepts such as concavity/convexity, quasi-concavity, optimization, Kuhn-Tucker conditions. If these are strange terms to you, now is a good time to start brushing up – you have about six months, which should be a fairly good amount of time to get started.
The macro-math is by far the most interesting. One gripe I had was that the math-macro is only taught for 4 days. It was exciting stuff – differential equations to get you warmed up, followed by dynamic optimization techniques such as the Bellman Equations and Hamiltonians for continuous time. There is an extra chapter on Markov chains, but we didn’t get time to go through it.
Now a quick warning: The math that we do at the LSE in EC400 is not the math that Chris Silvey burned in hell with. It is far more theoretical in the US – they spend a lot of time using basic set theory / functions / mapping concepts and build you into more advanced ways. Here, its very cookbook – its a one year course and they teach you how to apply the tools you need to get through it. If you are expecting hardcore theoretical Math, then you’ll be in for a surprise (pleasant or otherwise).
Once you get through the September course, you have to write the exam. You then get a weekend to cool off all those 2 hour nights. Some of my posts from back then will give you a flavor of what life was like. 1) “The Butchery Begins” 2) “Ten days on” 3) “Week Two and the Torture Ahead”
For the first few weeks of the main course, you won’t really feel the burden of the material being covered. The reason for this is that there is a significant decrease in the speed of things. September was all about 5 hour work-days with quizzes every day and problem sets on top of that. October is a slower pace – especially the first three weeks when you still don’t have classes or tutorials.
Three core courses are required – Micro, Macro and Econometrics. Each of these comes in two versions, MSc. and Advanced. This year, they were particularly strict about not allowing MSc. students to take the advanced course. It is something that I felt strongly about earlier (here is my post on that), and I still strongly believe that it is an unfair decision to be stringent about admitting MSc. students into the Advanced course. My personal gripe comes from Micro, where I am still to learn something that is profoundly new. In my summer school course (Intermediate Micro), which is a 2nd year level course, we pretty much learnt everything that we’re doing in MSc. Micro. The main text is Varian in the MSc. course, whereas in the advanced course it is MWG… which is the bible of all bibles in Microeconomics. My advice: if you are sure you have done a significant amount of Micro in the past – especially game theory and basic industrial organization (monopoly, price discrimination, duopoly
, bargaining etc), then push hard for Advanced Micro. Dr. Pratt, who was the person responsible this year, can be deceptively sweet, but will send you back to Msc. quite speedily. You have to burn with passion with whoever is deciding on admitting you. Make sure you do it! This applies for Macro and MEI as well. However, there is one caveat to this. The MSc courses are a lot more ‘fun’. They give you a nicer take on what the subject is about. This applies to all three subjects… but most importantly to Micro and Macro. In Micro you get to do classic papers that may not be covered in Advanced Micro (which is highly theoretical and covers a smaller footprint of the subject). A good barometer is, “if you’ve read The Market for Lemons (Aklerof) and can solve a problem set on it, take Advanced Micro”. Watch out for Corner Solutions (the famous Piccione Corner Solutions are exam classics… and should always be respected deeply!)
Macro is exciting. From day one you are introduced to the fact that most of the macro you learnt as an undergrad was all crap. I remember that in high school, many of my friends who took Chemistry used to whine about how everything they learnt in the 9th and 10th grade was pure bullshit and that they had to effectively unlearn everything and start from scratch on completely different principles. Macro at the graduate level is a lot like that. IS-LM and many related concepts are usually not mentioned at all for fear of the Dynamic Optimization gods showering lightning on you. It is very micro-founded, and goes into great lengths to teach you about representative agents, utility functions in macro, asset pricing, monetary policy, et al. Alex Michaelides and Danny Quah do justice to the course in terms of the footprint. Michaelides’s section requires you to be quite nifty with discrete time, whereas Quah’s course will have you mastering differential equations and dynamical systems a lot faster than you might have wished for. I have a lot of respect for both of these people and the stuff that I’ve learnt for them. It’s the ONLY subject that I wake up in the morning and actually want to study. It is the only Mock exam that I crammed my brains out for. In short – don’t miss it for the world.
Econometrics is a slightly weaker spot for me. The course is quite interesting – they don’t get too complicated with the stuff you have to learn. In fact, I studied out of Gujarati, which is an undergrad textbook to learn the concepts, and then used lecture notes to actually get by. Though Green is the recommended textbook, you will find that both Vassilis Hajivassiliou and Stephen Nickell are excellent with their lecture notes. The problem sets are very difficult. Don’t be surprised if you cannot answer most of it until the end of each term. I personally have given up attempting them… and will study like crazy in my vacation time to make up for it. The lectures themselves are harmless – they’re fun to attend and you learn a lot about basic theoretical Econometrics. If you haven’t done Econometrics/Time Series before, don’t think about doing Advanced Econometrics.
I’ll write a brief bit on my own personal opinion of what this course has done for me. I’ll refrain from being personal, but let’s make sure you know that I have a lot of personal opinions just like any other young hot-blooded
 22 year old in the middle of his test of manhood :)
I have learnt far more than I had expected to at the LSE. The sheer experience of interacting with all these people is maddening. Every other guy on the row you’re sitting in is from some kickass institution, or (this ones for you Kevin) comes from the Potato/Chicken heartland but can solve a mean differential equation while levitating in yogic bliss. The strongest feeling I often get is that I am extremely academically inadequate to be here. Very often I feel like I didn’t deserve the admit… and that I was just really street smart to get in. Look, I have a big ego, so don’t think for a second that I’m NOT pompous. I’m as street smart as you find them… but you know what… this just isn’t a place for that. You may survive one Danny Quah quick fire question (as I just about scraped through in our first class with him), but after that, you’d better run like your arse is on fire and start reading and cranking out those problem set solutions. LSE forces you to tune up more. It pushes you to demand more of your own knowledge. It however knows when to let go – unlike most grad schools in the US. This is both good and bad. Its good because just when you think you’re going to die, you get a little breathing space. Its bad because popular belief sides with death as the only way bring out the best in you. When you graduate from LSE you still won’t be ready for Grad school in the US – not by a long shot. However, in a crude way you’ll be academically street smarter – a better player at the jack of all trades game, and that will be your best weapon when you reach the doors of hell. I discuss grad school at length, only because there?s so much to talk about. If you want to study at the LSE and get a job… its just a one line affair
: no shit… you’ll get lapped up before you can count to ten… provided you’re shrewd enough to get hired. Lehman, Goldman, ?everyotherman? will come by, drop a business card
, and invite you to drink and eat with them. Do it, apply smart, and you’re in before Dorothy reaches Kansas. I’ll leave it at that.
I haven’t talked at all about the optional subjects – purely because this is a more opinionated discussion and I thought it best to leave it until later. You get the first three weeks (and more if you really need to) to decide on which optional you want to take. There are lots – go read the LSE website – and you can attend different lectures to decide which one you want to attend. One word of advice: decide on your shortlist before week one of main term and attend all lectures that are on your shortlist. They don’t wait for you to make up your mind – you make it up as you go along. If you didnt attend the lectures you missed out on a crapload of stuff.
My own optional was Monetary Economics, and my various frustrated constipated
 posts (click here) will enlighten you on that. Make sure you choose wisely – this is the subject that you’ll obsess over. You have to write a master’s thesis on it which counts for 50% of your grade… the final exam being the other 50%. You will quite often read sleep and eat this subject – especially if most of the students in your class are PHD students (optional subjects are common for MSc and PHD students). Monetary is a course dominated by research students – the level of the course is far higher than the rest of the MSc. Seriously – I’ve written enough about this one so I’m going to let it go. You will enjoy it… but only if its where your interest lies. Mismatches on the optional subject will lead to a slow and painful conclusion to your year.
There is a lot more to write about – the social life, living and adjusting to London – but these are well covered by many other sources of information. If you think something is missing in this lengthy and burdensome write-up, mail me and I’ll add to it.
52樓 JosephHeinrich 2024-4-10 00:15
作者:小倩学姐
链接:https://www.zhihu.com/question/24356836/answer/1639211623
来源:知乎
著作权归作者所有。商业转载请联系作者获得授权,非商业转载请注明出处。

去LSE读研,让我变得自信又自卑。
是不是很矛盾的一个状态?

一方面,去LSE读研让我变得更加自信,就是我相信我能做成功一些事,所以即使我遇到了很大的挫折,我也能勇敢面对。明白目标坚定的重要性,让我知道,如果我下定决心,我相信我一定可以做出一些事
因为我能够克服重重阻力实现自己的梦想(因为我家在一个小县城,我身边没有这样的环境,大学家里人也不支持我,我英语又很差,考了3次六级才考过,雅思考了5次才考到7分)
但是另一方面,也让我自卑,因为我发现很多比我更厉害的人,所以很容易焦虑。举个例子,我经常在领英上看硕士校友的就业数据,特别特别厉害。LSE的peer pressure是真的很严重了!
毕业后开始反思

我在乎金钱到什么地步呢?因为觉得花了父母的钱,能省则省,甚至还想找兼职,幸好后来学业压力大,就没去做兼职了。时间才是最重要的呀!
由于金钱和同龄人的压力,刚毕业的时候,非常焦虑。担心花了很多钱读书找不到工作,心态极度失衡,终面挂了好几次,只收到银行offer。
然后我就很难过,开始找人倾诉,努力调整状态,认真写知乎和微博,满满地,状态好了很多。我开始接纳自我,做好规划,踏踏实实做事。我深刻明白了不要和他人比较的原则,不然带来的只会是无尽的痛苦和焦虑。
发现自己的优势和特质——学习能力、适应能力、执行能力、总结复盘能力。我现在知道我是厚积薄发型,我相信天道酬勤,我需要做的就是默默努力。
而且,做课程项目或者聚会时,发现这个世界上还有这么多活法,研究生毕业不一定非要进互联网大厂投行咨询,还可以创业进国际NGO。只要专注做自己喜欢的事,总会在自己喜欢的领域做出一些成绩。
对我现在工作和生活的帮助的话,打开了眼界,知道了很多东西,更重要的是把学到的批判性思维用于了实践
3、探索精神

LSE的校训是To Know the Cause of Things. 这种精神深深地影响了我。我喜欢去探索事物背后的原因,对很多事情带着好奇,总是喜欢刨根问底。以前有人说我这种行为叫钻牛角尖。我还为此自卑过,是不是不应该钻牛角尖。
但是在LSE的学习体验,让我明白我的行为积极的说法应该是有极强的探索欲。在LSE的每一门课,老师都会提出很多问题,启发我们的思考。LSE挺注重思维培养,喜欢研究事件背后的底层逻辑和本质
我感觉找到了同伴!就是自己的精神家园!而且当我把我这种探索欲用在我感兴趣的事上!这就成为了我的一种优势!
有在国内读完硕士再来的,有工作几年再来读书的。在他们那里,我看到了对一个专业的热爱、从容、坚定
4、系统学习一门学科

国外貌似是通识教育。更一门课是体系化的,从原因、现象、影响、结果、怎么改进等各个方面进行深入探索,让我学会了这种分析思路。更加具象化和直接化
5、从看重结果到看重过程

以前觉得事事都要有好结果,家人和老师也是这样教育我的。而且我经常被打压,让我自卑,压力山大。到了LSE,不论哪门课,不论学生提出什么问题,老师第一步都是肯定。“good“、”this is a good question“。这种鼓励式教育让我愿意去提问,去钻研。在LSE读书的时候,我觉得很多外国人都很勇敢,有创造力,敢于发表自己的意见,让我很是羡慕!这种注重过程的教育方式,让我备受鼓舞。我特别开心!
现在看来,去LSE读研只是提升眼界和经历的一种路径。但不是唯一的路径。想明白自己要的是什么,并且持续不断付出,才是最为重要的。
因为我要写论文,我的必修课每周都有3-4篇的key reading
,对对对,我觉得对我思维的培养还是很有帮助的,而且我跟你说,我的导师还是很负责的,她会根据我的情况给我提建议,然后告诉我怎么做
LSE学术性路线,negotiation analysis和这门课已经可以说很不LSE了!
我其实觉得这边价值最大的是眼界,认识了和我本科不同的文化的同学,另外一个就是严谨的教学方式,论文的训练对我做行业研究和思维还是有帮助的

53樓 JosephHeinrich 2024-4-10 00:16
作者:纪堂教育
链接:https://www.zhihu.com/question/24356836/answer/3097083359
来源:知乎
著作权归作者所有。商业转载请联系作者获得授权,非商业转载请注明出处。

随着时代的发展,英国大学很多专业也在“更新换代”。如果要问当前最顶流的新兴科技是什么,想必大家都会想到“大数据”和“ChatGPT”。
没错,随着大数据与人工智能越来越火,相关的专业也成为留学申请的热门。其中,数据科学专业深受留学生的欢迎。
(图源:院校官微)
近年来,很多英国名校也“上线”了很多数据科学相关的新专业。比如LSE的BSc in Politics and Data Science(),以及BSc in Mathematics with Data Science(数学与数据科学)。
除了LSE,也新开了BSc Economics, Finance and Data Science(经济、金融和数据科学)。作为帝国理工商学院下开设的第一个本科专业,可谓给足了数据科学面子。
(图源:IC官网)
数据科学专业的学生就业前景也相当好,根据英国官方的统计,对于数据科学专业的毕业生,英国职场给到的平均起薪都有38000英镑,工作几年薪资能达到50000英镑以上。
毕竟数据科学专业的应用范围也相当广阔,除了我们常说的人工智能,在经济金融、等领域,这个专业都能起到重要的作用。
而数据科学专业的学生,基本都会学习数学、编程、建模等课程,后期还会学习大数据、人工智能等课程,以适应各领域的工作。
(图源:院校官微)
其实很多数据科学专业都与其它专业相结合,也更有方向性。比如上文提到的BSc Economics, Finance and Data Science,就是将商科与数据科学结合起来,让学生应对挑战的能力更加全面。
当然,一些小伙伴希望自己所学的专业更加“纯粹”。数据科学就是数据科学,不要与其它的方向结合,比如LSE的MSc Data Science(数据科学硕士)。
(图源:网络)
LSE的数据科学硕士属于统计学院,在英国一直处于领先地位。要申请这个专业,需要拥有数学背景的相关学科,二等荣誉(2:1)学位或。
语言要求雅思总分7.0,单项不低于6.5。
(图源:LSE官网)
LSE的数据科学硕士,近几年中国留学生申请人数不断增加。据官方统计2017年只有201人,2021年达到了371人,近两年在300人上下浮动。
作为最高冷的G5院校之一,LSE的录取率相对较低,这个专业也不例外。从中国留学生近几年的录取数据来看,最低仅有7%左右。
不过令人欣慰的是,LSE的数据科学专业对中国留学生还算“友好”。虽然总录取率一直在10%左右,但2022年中国留学生的录取率达到了20%。
(图源:LSE官网)
这个专业的申请量非常大,但中国留学生相对来说还是很有竞争优势的。各大院校的数据科学专业其实都很受欢迎,总体竞争还是比较激烈的。
54樓 JosephHeinrich 2024-4-10 00:18
作者:小A留学教育
链接:https://www.zhihu.com/question/24356836/answer/2438631248
来源:知乎
著作权归作者所有。商业转载请联系作者获得授权,非商业转载请注明出处。

先说说我当时申请的情况,我当时申请的时候,感觉我的LSE第一志愿应该是比较稳妥的,但是理想很丰满,现实很骨感,我收到了第一志愿专业的拒信;LSE第二志愿我本来以为是没啥希望的,但是反而被成功录取,现在在读。
总体而言,我的留学申请,也可以说是我的升学之路,同其他人相比,还是很不同的,虽然在这一路上,也踩过很多坑,但是总体看的话,还是很幸运的。“一波三折”这个词来形容我的升学之路,是真的一点都不夸张的。今天在这里就分享一些我申请的过程以及一些个人建议,希望能给题主带来参考价值。
背景简述
本科:北京师范大学 GPA成绩为3.74/4.0分,均分为89.92分; 雅思总分成绩7.5分,其中阅读9.0分,听力8.0分,写作7.0分,口语6.5分。 

录取offer: 

London School of Economics and Political Science——Human Resources and Organisations 

Australian National University——Finance

本科的我
我在本科的时候,读的是国际经济与贸易专业的德语实验班,上这个课,不仅要花时间和精力去学习和掌握国际经贸的专业课,还需要专门去学习德语。而且我们本身的专业学习的相关知识,专业性并没有很强,不像会计、金融或者纯经济学专业的定位很明确,在大学的学习中,我也一直感觉自己好像什么领域的都了解了一点,但是什么领域又都不精通。
大一和大二的时候,我的未来规划还是一片空白,十分地迷茫,没有明确的方向。假期的时候也没有参与太多的实习,最多也就是应付一下学校的实习要求。我感觉我当时的状态,就是那种没有准备好毕业,估计毕业了就找份专业对口的工作做着,然后也就这样了。
其实对于本科毕业后的方向,如果是打算继续读书的话,也就那么无非三种:保研、考研以及出国。
对于这三种的选择,我第一就把考研这条路排除了,因为万人过独木桥,其实高考有过那一次的经历,对我而言就足够了,体验一下就可以了,没必要和自己过不去。

对于保研这个选择,怎么说呢,虽然我自认为我的成绩还不错,但是如果是打算进清华北大的保研团队还是很困难的,我也了解概率很低,最后保研结果估计就是在本校继续读研。其实我对我的本科母校,虽然很热爱,但是研究生的话,并不甘心就读在这个大学。
综合排除的话,那么就只剩下出国留学这条路了。
在确定了想要出国留学之后,我就立刻开始实践和行动了,在大三的寒假的时候我就 开始备考雅思了,同时成功拿到了不错的分数。
大三下学期开启,我就开始联系了国内很多留学中介,进行咨询,咨询了一圈之后,最后没有全包给中介,而是选择自己DIY,然后找留学中介的文书导师帮我撰写和修改文书。
之所以没有选择把所有的事情都全包给中介,主要有两个原因,第一是因为我不太放心把整个申请流程都交给中介去做,虽然说他们有经验,但是我感觉这毕竟是我自己的事情,就算找中介合作,我还是要自己亲自参与进去;第二是因为半DIY的话,也可以给家里省点钱,毕竟出国留学的费用已经比较多了。

坎坷留学路的开始!
暑假开始,我就从确定留学国家开始,一点点规划我的留学准备了。
本身也是因为我的家庭条件一般,算不上特别好,本科期间我也学习过德语,最开始我是打算去德国留学的。
我不知道题主了解不了解,如果是申请德国的留学的话,是需要做一个APS审核的,通过了APS审核之后,才可以进行下一步的德国申请。我大四的时候,还有一个德国的交换项目,我提交APS审核之后,得到反馈:交换期间不能申请。被迫无奈,在交换项目结束或者我找到别的解决办法之前,我只能想办法再去申请别的国家的大学了。
我当时还是了解了很多大学的,美国没有考虑,因为费用太高了。我了解过香港、新加坡、澳大利亚和英国、以及欧洲的很多大学,综合了解了之后,列了一个申请清单,每个国家的都有。

其实上述列表中的大学,除了德国的大学之外,我最想去读的大学就是帝国理工和伦敦政经。原因说起来也是有点意思的,在2016年的那个暑假,我在帝国理工上了一个假期的暑期班,学到了很多知识,也被英伦文化深深地感染到了,同时吃的东西也比较和我胃口。在那以后,我一直很想有机会的话,再回到帝国理工吃一次英式早餐。

在多方面考虑之后,综合看了大学和专业的各个方面,我最后决定先申请英国的大学。因为德国的大学普遍申请开放时间都在次年的2月到5月左右,与此同时,我也在继续和德国的APS审核部保持着联系,持续跟进。然后把澳大利亚的澳国立大学,作为我申请的保底大学。
可能当时是太自信了,也可能是有点愚勇,当时英国的大学,我只申请了IC和LSE,现在看看,自己之前真的胆子太大了,虽然最后也被录取了。
在选校的时候,我也同时在备考GMAT,毕竟一心二用有些困难,所以准备得也不够认真,造成第一次GMAT的成绩并不理想。
在遭遇GMAT成绩不理想的时候,普遍的留学选手都会选择继续死磕,然后二刷、三刷甚至四刷。但是我和其他的留学选手不太一样,毕竟我就是我,是不一样的烟火。也是一种侥幸和愚勇在作祟吧,我当时想的是不必太慌,如果去德国读书的话,就不用考GMAT了,而且有的项目又没有强制要求申请者提交GMAT成绩,我干嘛要和自己过不去。也是抱着这种想法,我就没有了再继续刷GMAT的想法。
当然,我因为这个想法在后来很多个失眠的夜里,每每想到这件事,都恨不得打自己一顿,不过,这些都是后话了。
我本身是没有很不错的实习经历的,成绩和科研项目经历还不错,能拿得出手。
我本科的科研导师是管理学方向的,他手下的研究行为基本上都是组织行为学的相关课题,参与过的科研经历也在一定程度上影响了我日后在专业和项目上的选择。但是其实这个专业并不是每所大学都会开设的,所以当时的最初的规划是,如果有大学开设了这个专业,就申请这个专业,如果没有的话,也可以考虑相关专业或者别的项目。
九月份的时候,我对项目的选择还没有明确,但是苦于时间问题,不得不开始准备文书了。最开始准备文书的时候,我没有任何的思路,然后就打算找个文书机构合作,原本是打算让文书机构给我写一篇范文,让我参考一下,然后等项目确定了之后,我再根据不同的项目和大学,去有针对性的撰写和修改,但是我也没有想到,竟然给自己整出来了一出好戏。

我之所以找了文书老师帮忙,是因为我不太清楚如何根据自己的实习情况,结合申请的专业,然后有逻辑、清晰的写出一篇兼备故事性和完整性的文书,以此来吸引招生官的眼球,并告诉他们,我——就是你们想要招的学生。其实最初在文书撰写上,我还是很侧重于文章的逻辑性。
我本来以为撰写文书的流程应该是,我和老师前期进行沟通和交流,然后老师通过跟我的沟通,了解我过往的经历和我的性格,根据我的申请需求,然后她将整体的素材进行整理,再有逻辑的进行衔接和撰写。
但是在付了钱之后,我发现事实好像和我想的并不一样。老师先是发给我一个文档,里边有几个问题,让我先用中文回答一下。我以为文档只是沟通交流的方式之一,先大概了解我是怎样的一个人,然后在后续更有效的进行沟通。但没有想到的是,我催了能有一周,等到的不是老师的后续沟通,而是一篇把我之前回答过的每一个问题都翻译成英文,毫无逻辑和感情的连在一起的一篇初稿,甚至还有一些很低级的语法错误,和浓浓的百度翻译
的感觉。
我拿到这个初稿的时候,我是真的很生气,我花了好几千块钱找了个翻译?而且还是直接百度翻译,改都不改的烂水平?
但是我出于从小的良好教育,我还是冷静下来,然后跟她语气很平和地提出了我的疑惑,但是这个老师很淡定的回了我一句:“PS都是改出来的。”
我当时真的很想一个白眼翻过去,或者直接发过去一个微笑的表情。然后我问她那么应该如何修改?她又把锅甩到我头上,说是因为我的问题回答的不够具体,又说我只指出来不好,又没有说具体哪里不好,我要说清楚是哪里不好,她才有一个改的方向。
然后我又要自己忍着火,耐心的批准了一百多个语法错误,同时也说明了立意和逻辑表达、文章结构都是有问题的,然后发给了她,同时也表达我的不开心,不过我已经把她删掉了,所以没有聊天记录,只能回忆着之前大概说了什么,然后拟了一个草稿版。

其实当我给她发这些的时候,我就没打算要跟她继续合作下去了。也比较庆幸,她也知道自己没理,所以也没有跟我过多的纠缠,最后虽然只退了75%的钱,但是好歹不是肉包子打狗一分钱都要不回来,就当花钱买个教训吧。
通过这件事之后,我对自己的能力突然特别自信,我感觉我的水平比现在留学机构的文书老师都要高一些,我好像可以直接可以去当文书老师了?
不过虽然我对自己的文书撰写能力有了很大的自信,但是苦于我同时申请了好几个不同的项目,而且每个项目都需要有针对性地撰写文书,但是时间有限,我只能再找一个文书机构进行合作。不过还好,第二个文书老师还是很负责的。基本上进度都是我开始写下一份,然后老师改上一份,有时候我比较犯懒,然后拖延症就犯了,好几天都没有改,她还主动过来跟进,问我写到哪里了,让我快一点写,提早写完早些提交,越早提交申请优势越大。碰到这样一个负责的好老师,真的和之前那位老师形成了鲜明的对比,我真的特别特别感动。
与此同时,那时候德国APS系统也有了一定的进展。我就打算先准备好英国大学需要的所有的申请材料,然后先提交英国大学的申请,最后申请了LSE的organisational and social psychology和human resources and organisations (organisational behaviour)这两个专业,帝国理工在专业的选择上,因为没有相关的专业开设,最后我申请了Marketing专业。

等待offer也是多舛
提交好所有的申请之后,就是等待offer的过程了,这个等待的过程对我而言真的很煎熬。尤其是我的其他朋友都拿到了不错的offer,但是我提交的申请还没有任何消息的时候,我就变得更焦虑。虽然心里很焦虑,但是也不能表现出来,毕竟不能让爸爸妈妈为我担心,在他们面前还要笑着回应没事的,肯定可以被录取啦之类的话。
在1月初的时候,我收到了LSE第一志愿的拒信,本身我对第二志愿就没有抱太大的希望,所以当时就感觉我这个申请季是和LSE无缘了。我还抱着侥幸的心理,等待着IC的offer,但是在1月底的时候,我收到了帝国理工的拒信,好的,唯一的希望也没有了。
我当时真的很后悔,为什么自己之前没有好好复习GMAT,如果拿到不错成绩,可能就能拿到offer了。为什么自己之前没有坚持一下呢?第一次没考好,就直接放弃了,为什么当时不再拼一次呢?甚至一度感觉自己就是个学渣,什么都做不好,有一段时间还有一点自我怀疑的感觉。

但是事实已经是这样了,我也别无他法,只能在想别的办法留学了。当时感觉还有ANU这个备选大学,或者要不然去德国留学也可以,反正APS现在申请也来得及。
本来之前以为ANU和德国的大学比较稳妥,但是ANU突然要我补交材料,而且这些材料我需要等20天学校开学了才可以补交,我有些自我怀疑,会不会拖得久了人家也不要我了。
我重新去联系APS,结果告诉我,一定要等交换项目结束之后,才可以开始审核。但是如果按照项目结束在审核的话,就是在逼着我Gap啊,我不想Gap啊。
当时也给自己做了心理工作,行吧反正都是我自己前期没有准备好,自己菜还能怪谁呢?最坏的不过就是Gap一年,然后重头再来,其实也没有什么关系,问题不大。不过这些都是安慰自己的借口,我其实当时内心已经很慌很丧了。
2月底的时候,学校开学,我拿了需要补交的材料递交给了ANU,第二天的时候ANU给我发了offer,虽然最开始ANU只是用来保底的,但是经历了这么多事情之后,我对ANU的offer产生了感恩的心,因为就算不是我理想的女神校,但是最起码我可以出国留学了。

可能也是因为拿到了一个offer,所以信心又重燃了一些,还是没有直接交钱。(没错,我就是这么一个有点矛盾的人。)我想着反正有保底大学可以上了,而且LSE的第二志愿,虽然没有发offer吧,但是我也没有收到拒信,再等等,万一第二志愿来了offer呢?就等到下周五,如果还没有offer的话,我再去去ANU交钱。到了周五还是没有任何消息,过了周五的时候,又说等到周日,周末人家不上班,所以当然不可能等到的。但是我仍旧没死心,还是没有交钱,继续在等着。
直到3月11号的时候,那是个星期一,我记得很清楚,那天早上,我和之前的每个周一的早上一样,被哥廷根呼呼的大风吵醒,我迷迷糊糊地打开手机,然后回复时差没及时回的消息,我和自己说,不要再等了,就今天吧,选择ANU好了,也不要在纠结了。
回复完消息,开始看公众号,碰到第一个就是澳大利亚学校地图的推送,我找到了ANU所在的位置。还可以,离海边挺近的,还可以经常过去看海,不错的。
当时我的心里充满了平静,没有任何的波澜,打算就这样结束留学之路好了,结束我每个失眠等offer的夜,也结束我每个灵感爆发从床上坐起来然后打开电脑写文书的凌晨,结束我不想和爸妈要钱然后从自己的小金库里拿钱找老师帮忙写文书又被坑的心累。

我退出了微信,打开邮箱准备找一下ANU的项目相关信息,也就是这时,我看到了网易云邮箱
有了新的邮件更新,是LSE发过来的邮件。邮件的题目和我之前收到的拒信的主题是一样的,虽然是这样,但还是好奇点开了邮件,想看一下具体的内容。毕竟也等了这么久,我又是那种不到黄河不死心的人,看完之后就可以无牵无挂地去ANU交钱了。
点开邮件,让我惊讶的时候 ,第一个单词竟然是“congratulations
”,我当时愣住了,然后整个人的血液都沸腾了,我强忍着激动把邮件的第一段看完了,确认自己的确是收到了offer,不过是con offer,但是不管是什么offer,都足够让我热血沸腾。因为这是我女神校的offer,我知道就算是con offer,不管是什么要求,我都会不顾一切去满足。
其实条件也没有很难,就是GPA成绩单达到85%,然后提供学位证和成绩单就ok了。不过在拿到uncon offer之前,我的心一直都在吊着的状态,感觉这是一场梦,始终都不太现实。不过现在快开学了,而且事情也一件件都处理和安排好了,然后才感觉一切渐渐变得真实,开始有了幸福的感觉。

最后的最后,和题主总结一些我个人感觉在留学申请中,比较重要的tips好啦。
1、一定要提前确定目标学校
这是首要的,也是最重要的,在留学开始的时候,一定要提前确认要申请的大学,而且一旦确认了之后,就不要再换或者摇摆不定了,要全心全意去准备。
在选校这件事情上,绝对不能好高骛远,要根据自己的实际定位去选择,不要跟我一样只申请理想大学,可以根据等级的划分,选择不同梯队的大学,多申请几个,避免有些大学申请不到,然后没学上,不要拿自己的前途开玩笑。
2、DIY还是半DIY,选择合适自己的就好
在申请这件事情上,还是很磨炼一个人的意志的。如果题主的自制力很好,也有明确的规划,有几个小伙伴一起互相监督,共同复习的话,还是可以自己DIY的,毕竟有队友,所以一切事情都没有太难熬。

如果题主比较怕麻烦的话,也可以选择和中介一起合作,因为有了中介的帮忙,真的会省事省力很多,最起码不会跟我一样,在选校和选项目这两个方面一直犹豫,摇摆不定。而且在准备的过程中,我也真的遇到过一些流程上的小问题,基本上都是从一起准备留学的小伙伴找的中介那里得到的答案,在这也很感谢我的小姐妹愿意让我白嫖。
其实找中介也算是一种监督吧,因为中介老师如果负责任的话,会督促你去学习,然后提醒你要及时考试,最起码不会和我一样,抱着侥幸的心理,不刷GMAT了,造成后期拿不到offer的情况。
3、如果找中介,切记切记擦亮眼睛
在找中介这个问题上,我之前被坑过,所以很有感触。找中介的话,一定要擦亮眼睛。还好我最后碰到了很认真,也很不错的文书老师。我真的提醒题主一定在选择中介的时候,谨慎谨慎再谨慎,因为留学圈越来越火,所以市面上的中介机构
也鱼龙混杂,水平参差不齐。有的文书导师英语一般,还不负责,收了钱之后随随便便百度翻译帮你毫无感情的凑成一篇文书,甚至还有一些低级的语法错误。对于这种中介,题主一定要擦亮眼睛,如果没有发现交钱了,也要及时主张自己的权利,及时止损。

后记
了解和听说我经历的所有朋友都说我运气很好,当然我自己也是这么感觉的,不过还有一部分绝对也是源于我之前在准备过程中的努力,毕竟这世界上没有不劳而获的事情。
我之所以认为我很幸运,是因为我虽然这一路走来遇到了很多困难和坎坷,但是最后还是收到了我理想大学的offer,找到了最适合自己的项目和大学。
其实整个申请季,我最直观的感受就是,申请留学其实和相亲没什么两样,你的能力自然也很重要,但是更重要的,是你要找到适合你的那个“人”,也就是那个项目和大学,而且在文书中也可以突出你的各方面的优势,和招生官表明,你就是最适合这个项目的这个申请者。
我在准备的过程中,还是犯了很多错误的,能犯的不能犯的,基本上都犯了个遍。我的经历还是可以当成是反面教材的,不过好在最后的结果还不错。希望题主不要走我的老路,避免踩雷,同时也可以拿到自己理想大学的offer。

55樓 JosephHeinrich 2024-4-10 00:19
ff15:


我一点都不知道Springweek是什么
Networking比lecture去的勤
Recording2x speed效率更高

56樓 JosephHeinrich 2024-4-10 00:20
某匿名用户:


用的频率最高的词汇是:Olive Oil please; no spicy thanks; fish and tofu; soy and triyaki please; just rice; eat here.

57樓 JosephHeinrich 2024-4-10 00:21
作者:戴森云
链接:https://www.zhihu.com/question/24356836/answer/2441711395
来源:知乎
著作权归作者所有。商业转载请联系作者获得授权,非商业转载请注明出处。

在学霸offer风采访谈专题中,成功斩获英国G5大学offer的学长学姐们将娓娓道来他们的名校申请之路,回忆申请所涉及的专业方向选择、大学学院选择、笔试、PS、面试等等各环节的种种坎坷,激励学弟学妹们冲击梦想中的世界TOP大学。
我叫Angelina,这次有幸获得了LSE的数学与经济专业OFFER。我喜欢打羽毛球、乒乓球、游泳,以前还学过5年钢琴。有时候会看点书来充实一下自己的生活,平时比较喜欢看悬疑类的小说,但是在升学期我会看一些和专业相关的书籍。之前我有在LSE官网上看他们的推荐书目并从中选一些来读,之前也读过一些经典的经济著作,比如说Adam Smith的国富论,但是那本书过于深奥,比较晦涩难懂,后面就换了一些书看,比如曼昆
的经济学原理。
01 我为什么选择经济专业
很早之前我就确定要学经济专业方向,大概刚读国际学校的时候,我就对自己的专业有比较明确的规划。我的妈妈从事金融行业,以前在复旦大学读金融管理。爸爸妈妈也经常在家里讨论一些金融方面的问题,比如对股市的一些看法。从小耳濡目染之下,我对这方面很感兴趣。到了选专业的时候,我本来是确定要经济方向的,但是后面想想可能纯理论并不那么适合我,恰巧我的数学还不错,所以我就增加了一些数学的成分,选择了融合专业。
02 我为什么选择LSE
我经常翻看LSE的官网,比较了解他们录取学生的标准,我的ps也是针对LSE的招生要求写的。我看过我们那个department的专业,包括金融、数学、统计这几个专业,大一的时候学的都差不多,到后面可能会有点变化,学的是数学方法论、高数、统计学和宏观、微观经济,这些都是我感兴趣的,而且我很早之前就是对自己职业规划就是想进入投行。 
出国留学这件事是在读完八年级决定的,当时有好朋友参加国际学校的入学考试,我妈妈就也让我去试试,正好第一次就考上了。个人很喜欢英国的英伦建筑风格,也想去开阔一下视野。
03 我的基础课程学习
对于基础课程的学习,我在IG年级选的物理,化学,经济,数学,AS选课我把化学弃掉了,我的化学虽然最后拿到了A*,但是学起来相对比较费力,所以我AS选课保留了物理和经济,又加了一门高数。
当然我也有学习的瓶颈期,as年纪有段时间特别学不明白高数,上课也听不懂。于是我在课后研究课本上例题,把题型做整理归纳,阅览了很多往年的past paper,最终在cie大考
取得好成绩。
04 我的竞赛冲奖心得
之前我参加过物理竞赛,获得过BPHO的银奖,后来就很明确地只参加数学和经济方面的比赛。在NEC全美经济学挑战赛中,我取得了个人银奖的成绩,进入了中国区的半决赛。除此之外,我还取得过几个UKMT的金奖,以及AMC12的Merit、BPA商务全能挑战赛
的银奖。
UKMT 的SMC数学竞赛我没有花过多时间准备,这个考试难度比较低,有点类似于小学奥数。
AMC数学竞赛我有一些小心得。这个竞赛比较难,一共二十五道题,前面的题都比较常规,做到第十几题的时候难度会突然大幅度提升,差不多答对十三题就可以取得Merit了,他会有ab两个卷子,两张都可以做取其中最高分,我当时只选择了其中一张作答。AMC的赛制是倒扣分的,我会把能计算出来的都填上去,如果不会或者没有算出结果就空着不填,答对加的分比较多,但倒扣分只会扣一两分,我认为已经计算出来的不确定的答案还是值得填上去的。
NEC经济竞赛我是DR组别,笔试部分主要是微观经济学
、宏观经济学、国际经济与时事三个方面,中国区半决赛是很考验团队配合的,需要一起建模,写数据以及回答问题。建议学弟学妹们尽量找一些水平强的队友,这样可以更好的碰撞思想,取得更优异的成绩。
05 我的拓展学习及PS撰写
我觉得这一路走来要特别感谢我的爸爸妈妈,他们俩给我很多独到的意见和见解,对我有很大的帮助,在我读G1的时候,就是会让我参加各种各样的活动,比如去香港金融实习。我认为LSE会录我,和这个金融实习脱不了干系,我的PS里竞赛只写了两三行,主要写的就是这个金融实习。我做了很多功课,写了一段关于统计的建模。
当时年纪还小,其实所谓的实习就是每天去公司听课,那边的工作人员会提供第1年的一些数据,让你去预测第2年的经济。形式是五六个人一组,会有一套系统给你打分。参加这么多竞赛,我认为有一点很重要,有时候真的不要和女生抱团,要适当和男生组队,男女生的见解和思维方式不一样,最好男女对半开。
06 我的TMUA笔试心得
Tmua是一个lse数学department的入学考试,在考tmua
之前,我做了很多练习,但今年的卷子和往年非常不一样,有好多题型正巧是我不擅长的板块,比如paper2全都是necessary and sufficient。这个笔试很注重做题速度,又要快又要精准,对于临场的发挥要求很高。TMUA分两个part,都是二十道题,第一个part考计算、几何等等,第二个part会考一些逻辑问题,当时paper1比较简单,paper2会有些逻辑问题很容易出错。
LSE 的 OFFER让我喜出望外
我是10月27号提交的申请,29号曼大就给我发了OFFER,当时我觉得这个申请季还很轻松,结果一直等到现在才拿到第二封LSE的OFFER。
我爸妈对我要求没有很高,他们觉得我去曼大也很不错,但我个人对自己要求比较高,看了很多关于lse
的帖子并总结了申请的注意事项。
那是3月11号一个普通的夜晚,我突然收到了一个邮件,这几个月很多学校都一直在发广告,我现在再看到邮箱消息已经波澜不惊了。我想到最近LSE和UCL都在发拒信,我非常怕收到拒信,点开邮件又加载非常慢。我的心里突然一紧,感觉心跳都快停止了,突然看到是LSE的OFFER,我有些恍惚,感觉不像是真实发生的。
学弟学妹们我想对你们说:
大家要做好心理准备,申请季要经过漫长的等待期,现在UCL好像也发得越来越晚了,长时间没有OFFER心态自然就不会很好,等待的过程还是很煎熬的。
学习方面除了老师的辅导,还要学会自己看教材、自己刷题,要自主学习。尽可能不要重考,LSE不喜欢重考生,A-level数学
最好要一次性过掉。除此之外要注意,LSE还会因为IG成绩拒人,学校有个minimum requirement要求数学和英语至少要到B,有些人可能会没注意到。另外语言成绩除了雅思四个7,也可以用olevel英语b或者efl b代替。
我还几年前有开始被爸妈带着炒股,感受到一些股市的波动和运作还有投资的理论,我感觉实践和理论还是不一样的。经济学博大精深,希望学弟学妹们从理论到实践都要认真体会和学习,最终无论大学申请结果如何,学习的结果也会让你受益。
除了以上申请季经验分享,Angelina 学姐还推荐了以下拓展读物:
学姐推荐阅读书单


经济学入门
的时候可以读:《The Economic Naturalist & Microeconomics and Behaviors》、《Freakonomics》、《The undercover economist
》我刚开始是读到这三本书,从而激发了我对经济学的兴趣,书中阐述了从一些生活中的小故事里看到身边潜在的经济学理论。
《principles of economics》对我来说是一本类似于教材类的书籍,非常好。AS年级时我就是看这本更好的理解一些有难度的经济学理论。
《Mathematics for Economics and Finance》也推荐大家阅读,是深入讲解数学是怎么在经济金融中应用的。
最后还推荐学弟学妹们看《博弈论》相关书籍,版本可以自己查找。学弟学妹们申请季努力加油ヾ(◍°∇°◍)ノ゙,
我们LSE校园见!


58樓 JosephHeinrich 2024-4-10 00:22
作者:匿名用户
链接:https://www.zhihu.com/question/24356836/answer/60131875
来源:知乎
著作权归作者所有。商业转载请联系作者获得授权,非商业转载请注明出处。

匿了。其实已经毕业好些年了,但看到这个问题还是忍不住要来答一个。在LSE待了一年,总得来说其实是非常美好愉快的,除了学校确实小了点,考试确实难了点,4楼的东西确实难吃了一点。学校地理位置有多好什么的就不多说了,反正周边各种逛街圣地,吃喝玩乐样样有。学校里帅哥美女也多,而且似乎单身的也不少,再加上伦敦是个很美很有情调很适合恋爱的城市,所以。。。(此处省略五百字)。可惜答主当年不开窍,平日里光顾着和新结识的朋友们玩了,如今懊悔不已!学习上确实比较虐心。学校的学习氛围非常好,图书馆上座率常年很高,身边各种学霸。读了传说中暴虐的MSc Finance and Economics,表示丧心病狂的程度大概唯有EME可以一战。三门core courses基本都是phd level的,尤其是丧心病狂的FM436,往年的avg mark也就比及格线高点。所以最后成绩出来看到所有课都过了,FM436还拿了Distinction的狂喜心情,大概只有读过的同学能懂。虽然课程异常的难,不得不说老师的授课水平都是超超超一流的,各种牛校phd,各种男神,大概是这辈子能遇见的最屌最高大上的一群教授们了。同学也都很优秀,外国同学各种牛校数学物理工程经济背景,中国同学大都来自清北复交人南浙等国内top院校,现在都在各自岗位上混的风生水起。所以说,在LSE就读能建立的人脉也是无与伦比的(不过现在听一师弟说LSE也开始招不少国内2+2水校比如洗脚利物浦宁波诺丁汉之流的进来了反而挤兑了不少top院校中上学生的机会)。最后,因为拜伦敦便利的交通所赐,我基本趁放假把英国和欧洲跑遍了,实在是不可多得的宝贵经历。
先去睡了,有空以后再来补点别的什么。

最后无耻地煽个情,我爱LSE,这是我一生的财富。
59樓 JosephHeinrich 2024-4-10 00:23
作者:留美强叫兽
链接:https://www.zhihu.com/question/24356836/answer/2712858681
来源:知乎
著作权归作者所有。商业转载请联系作者获得授权,非商业转载请注明出处。

Three economists win the Nobel for their work on bank runs|三位经济学家因研究银行挤兑获得2022年诺奖|The Economist|经济学人Ben Bernanke, a former chair of the Federal Reserve, shares the award with Douglas Diamond and Philip Dybvig
Oct 10th 2022|The 2022 Nobel prize for Economics
When the global financial crisis struck 15 years ago, economists were forced to respond to criticism that they had, for decades, ignored the banking system. With its choices for this year’s Nobel prize, Sweden’s Royal Academy of Science honoured three economists who had, in fact, spent the previous decades examining banking instability. Research by Ben Bernanke, chair of the Federal Reserve during the crisis (and an academic before that), Douglas Diamond of the University of Chicago and Philip Dybvig of Washington University in St Louis was largely vindicated by the failure of the banks in 2008.
The three laureates’ central insight was that banks were not the neutral intermediaries between savers and borrowers that other economic models had assumed. Instead, they offer vital services to the wider economy: gathering information on borrowers, providing a liquid means of saving and deciding to whom to extend credit. From this insight flows an important conclusion: because banks are crucial to the economy, they are also dangerous.
Mr Bernanke is most famous for his time as a central banker. But it was his work at Stanford University that the committee cited. They mentioned an article on economic history published in 1983 that looked at the causes of the Depression. Unlike previous historical accounts, Mr Bernanke’s work emphasised the role of the banking system, arguing that a self-sustaining cycle of bank runs caused the plunge in economic activity in the 1930s, rather than just being a consequence of it.
In this account, Mr Bernanke focused on the role played by banks in providing credit. The uncertainties inherent to lending and borrowing mean that such decisions require “information-gathering services”. When banks failed in the 1930s, new entrants could not easily replace them. Unlike a grocer, a new bank cannot simply move into its predecessor’s premises and set up shop. Knowledge about borrowers is hard won. This meant that farmers, small firms and households all found credit more difficult to obtain during the Depression, ensuring a vicious downturn.
A similar insight lies at the heart of the Diamond-Dybvig model of bank runs, developed in 1983 by Mr Bernanke’s two fellow laureates. Without banks, the authors pointed out, ordinary savers would be forced to invest directly in capital projects with long-term pay-outs. These projects would then need to be cancelled whenever savers faced an unforeseen cost that meant they needed to dip into their savings.
Banks allow savers to pool their money, and for these pooled savings to be used to finance long-term investments. Crucially, savers may withdraw their cash without imperilling these investments (this is known as liquidity). In exchange for the service, banks take a slice of returns. The process is called “maturity transformation” as it involves the transformation of an asset with a short maturity—a bank deposit which may be redeemed immediately—into one with a longer lifespan, such as a business loan repayable over many years.
The provision of this service makes banks vulnerable. If lots of savers try to withdraw money at the same time, perhaps because of a rumour that a bank will be unable to satisfy its creditors, the bank will be forced to terminate its long-term investments and sell assets at deep discounts. Such losses could cause the bank to collapse, as happened in 2008 when a downturn in the American housing market spiralled into a system-wide banking crisis.
There is an escape from this problem, however, which Messrs Diamond and Dybvig demonstrated by employing game theory. It is rational for depositors to run on a bank so long as they believe others will. But such a course of action becomes fruitless if they believe others will remain at home. A system of insuring deposits, such as the one instituted by the American government in 1933 or by a central bank acting as a “lender of last resort”, can prevent runs from happening in the first place.
This insight was not entirely novel. Walter Bagehot, a former editor of The Economist, suggested in 1873 that central banks could avoid financial panics by acting as a lender of last resort. Likewise, “It’s A Wonderful Life”, a film released in 1946 and mentioned in the Nobel’s citation materials, demonstrated both the mechanics of a bank run and the importance of confidence. The hero soothes panicking depositors with calming rhetoric and a capital injection from his honeymoon savings.
The “fundamental impact” of the laureates’ work, in the words of the committee, was to offer mathematically consistent models of this existing informal knowledge. Their key contribution, perhaps, was not to discover something new about the world, but to communicate something that had been all too easily forgotten by the rest of the economics profession. ■
美联储前主席本·伯南克 (Ben Bernanke) 与道格拉斯·戴蒙德
 (Douglas Diamond) 和菲利普·戴布维格 (Philip Dybvig) 分享该奖项
2022年10月10日|2022年诺贝尔经济学奖

当 15 年前全球金融危机爆发时,经济学家被迫对几十年来忽视银行体系的批评做出回应。凭借对今年诺贝尔奖的选择,瑞典皇家科学院
授予了三位经济学家,事实上,他们在过去几十年里一直在研究银行业的不稳定性。危机期间美联储主席本·伯南克(之前是一名学者)、芝加哥大学的道格拉斯·戴蒙德和圣路易斯华盛顿大学
的菲利普·戴维格的研究在很大程度上证明了 2008 年银行的倒闭是正确的。
三位获奖者的核心观点是,银行并不是其他经济模型
所假设的储户和借款人之间的中立中介。相反,它们为更广泛的经济提供了至关重要的服务:收集借款人的信息、提供流动的储蓄方式以及决定向谁提供信贷。从这一见解中得出一个重要结论:由于银行对经济至关重要,因此它们也很危险。
伯南克最出名的是他担任央行行长的时期。但委员会引用的是他在斯坦福大学的工作。他们提到了 1983 年发表的一篇关于经济史的文章,该文章着眼于大萧条的原因。与以往的历史记载不同,伯南克先生的著作强调了银行体系的作用,认为银行挤兑的自我维持周期导致了 1930 年代经济活动的暴跌,而不仅仅是其结果。
在这个帐户中,伯南克先生专注于银行在提供信贷方面所扮演的角色。借贷固有的不确定性意味着此类决策需要“信息收集服务”。当银行在 1930 年代倒闭时,新进入者无法轻易取代它们。与杂货店不同,新银行不能简单地搬入其前身的场所并开设商店。关于借款人的知识来之不易。这意味着农民、小企业和家庭都发现在大萧条期间更难获得信贷,从而导致恶性衰退。
1983 年,伯南克的两位获奖者开发了 Diamond-Dybvig 银行挤兑模型的核心。作者指出,如果没有银行,普通储户将被迫直接投资于具有长期收益的资本项目。每当储户面临无法预见的成本,这意味着他们需要动用储蓄时,就需要取消这些项目。
银行允许储户汇集他们的资金,并将这些汇集的储蓄用于为长期投资提供资金。至关重要的是,储户可以在不危及这些投资的情况下提取现金(这被称为流动性)。为了换取这项服务,银行会获得一部分回报。该过程被称为“期限转换”,因为它涉及将期限较短的资产(可以立即赎回的银行存款)转换为寿命较长的资产,例如可以多年偿还的商业贷款。
这项服务的提供使银行容易受到攻击。如果大量储户同时试图提取资金,也许是因为有传言说银行无法满足债权人的要求,银行将被迫终止其长期投资并以极低的价格出售资产。这种损失可能导致银行倒闭,就像 2008 年美国房地产市场的低迷演变成全系统的银行危机一样。
然而,这个问题是可以逃脱的,戴蒙德和戴维格利用博弈论证明了这一点。只要储户相信其他人会这样做,储户就可以在银行里挤兑。但是,如果他们相信其他人会留在家里,那么这种做法就会毫无结果。存款保险制度
,例如美国政府在 1933 年或中央银行作为“最后贷款人”建立的制度,可以从一开始就防止挤兑的发生。
这种见解并不完全新颖。 《经济学人》前编辑沃尔特·白芝浩
(Walter Bagehot)在 1873 年提出,中央银行可以通过充当最后贷款人来避免金融恐慌。同样,1946 年上映并在诺贝尔奖的引文材料中提到的电影《美好生活》既展示了银行挤兑的机制,也展示了信心的重要性。这位英雄用平静的言辞和蜜月储蓄的注资来安抚惊慌失措的储户。
用委员会的话来说,获奖者工作的“根本影响”是为这种现有的非正式知识提供数学上一致的模型。也许他们的主要贡献不是发现世界上的新事物,而是传达经济学界其他人很容易忘记的东西。 ■
60樓 JosephHeinrich 2024-4-10 00:24
这里表示美本在读,lse经济系本科交换在读,我想说明一下为什么这个学校期末末考会很残酷:因为平时不好好学习考试临头抱佛脚当然会觉得残酷啊拜托!!

先吐槽一下所谓的压力和痛苦:
lecture不计出勤,class里的作业也不需要强制要交,所以学生整个学年就算不学习也不会有麻烦(不像美本出勤作业周测presentation大大小小都计入),所以我上课的时候(在号称全球前三经济系)很多同班同学会问一些简单到看书就会的问题以及很少有人会写作业。有的时候连class来的人几乎都很少,看到TA孤零零一个人讲课总是让我分外同情。是的,我承认实习很重要,但是平时如果本科阶段投入学习很少的话就不要吐槽学业难度大了好吧。不过我身边也见过比如很聪明的印度小哥,凌晨四点还在学习以及回复我的消息,我自己也是保证每天四个小时以上的自习量才得以消化学习内容。
表扬一下:
教课内容密度很大很优质。这种显而易见的事情我觉得自行Google就可以查到,所以此处不多说了。
(不必对号入座,仅谈个人主观感受)


作者:知乎用户
链接:https://www.zhihu.com/question/24356836/answer/152513176
来源:知乎
著作权归作者所有。商业转载请联系作者获得授权,非商业转载请注明出处。

回復帖子

內容:
用戶名: 您目前是匿名發表
驗證碼:
 
 
©2010-2025 Arslanbar [手機版] [桌面版]
除非另有聲明,本站採用創用CC姓名標示-相同方式分享 3.0 Unported許可協議進行許可。