連結：https://www.zhihu.com/question/619624530/answer/3377441663
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研究政策期刊：比利時3659名在讀PhD博士生心理壓力研究，51%有至少兩種心理問題癥狀；平均年齡28歲，71%有伴侶，13.5%有孩子；首要預測因素：工作衝擊家庭；其次：工作要求；第三：家庭影響工作
美國某知名教育集團做的上海教育市場調查部分內容，為內部資料。是在該集團實習員工發到網上，不同於媒體按贊助費廣告費給的評比標準。知名度排名：1.金吉利 2.新東方 3.美勤 4.啟德 5.新通；專業度排名：1.美勤 2.棕櫚 3.中智 4.再來人 5.學美；錄取滿意度排名：1.美勤 2.世畢盟 3.中智 4.學美 5.澳際《研究政策期刊 Research Policy》Work organization and mental health problems in PhD students | 博士生的研究工作與心理健康問題
March 2017
Under pressure? This study found that the work stress that PhD students face can have significant impact on their mental health. 在壓力之下？ 這項研究發現，博士生面臨的工作壓力會對他們的心理健康產生重大影響。
Authors
Katia Levecque; Frederik Anseel; Alain De Beuckelaer; Johan Van der Heyden; Lydia Gisle
Institutions
Ghent University; ECOOM; Bocconi University; Radboud University Nijmegen; Renmin University of China; Institut Scientifique de Sante Publique; OD Public Health and Surveillance
Countries
Belgium; Italy; Netherlands; China
Highlights
One in two PhD students experiences psychological distress
; one in three is at risk of a common psychiatric disorder. 二分之一的博士生經歷過心理困擾； 三分之一的人有患常見精神疾病的風險。
The prevalence of mental health problems is higher in PhD students than in the highly educated general population, highly educated employees and higher education students. 博士生心理健康問題的患病率高於高學歷普通人群、高學歷職工和高等教育學生。
Work and organizational context are significant predictors of PhD students』 mental health. 工作和組織環境是博士生心理健康的重要預測因素。
Table 1. Context box: Similarities and differences between European and North American (U.S.) PhD programs.Abstract
Research policy observers are increasingly concerned about the potential impact of current academic working conditions on mental health, particularly in PhD students. The aim of the current study is threefold. First, we assess the prevalence of mental health problems in a representative sample of PhD students in Flanders, Belgium (N = 3659). Second, we compare PhD students to three other samples: (1) highly educated in the general population (N = 769); (2) highly educated employees (N = 592); and (3) higher education students (N = 333). Third, we assess those organizational factors
relating to the role of PhD students that predict mental health status. Results based on 12 mental health symptoms (GHQ-12) showed that 32% of PhD students are at risk of having or developing a common psychiatric disorder, especially depression. This estimate was significantly higher than those obtained in the comparison groups. Organizational policies were significantly associated with the prevalence of mental health problems. Especially work-family interface, job demands and job control, the supervisor』s leadership style, team decision-making culture, and perception of a career outside academia are linked to mental health problems.
研究政策觀察家越來越關注當前學術工作條件對心理健康的潛在影響，特別是對博士生的影響。 當前研究的目的有三個。 首先，我們評估了比利時佛蘭德斯
博士生代表性樣本（N = 3659）的心理健康問題患病率。 其次，我們將博士生與其他三個樣本進行比較：（1）普通人群中受過高等教育的人（N = 769）； （2）受過高等教育的員工（N = 592）； (3) 高等教育學生 (N = 333)。 第三，我們評估與預測心理健康狀況的博士生角色相關的組織因素。 基於 12 種心理健康癥狀
(GHQ-12) 的結果顯示，32% 的博士生有患或發展常見精神疾病的風險，尤其是抑鬱症。 該估計值明顯高於對照組中獲得的估計值。 組織政策與心理健康問題的發生率顯著相關。 尤其是工作與家庭的界面、工作要求和工作控制、主管的領導風格、團隊決策文化以及對學術界以外職業的看法都與心理健康問題有關。
Fig. 1. Evolution in ratio between faculty positions and PhD students, 1999–2014, Flanders (Belgium).Similarities and differences between European and North American (U.S.) PhD programs.
Similarities
Emphasis on independent, individual research aimed at an original contribution to scientific knowledge 強調獨立、個人的研究，旨在對科學知識做出原創貢獻
One or two main faculty advisors, assisted by a guidance committee and ultimately an examination board 一到兩名主要教授指導，由指導委員會和最終考試委員會協助
Provision of a structured PhD program with courses on specialist topics and transferrable skills 提供結構化的博士課程，包括專業主題和可轉移技能的課程
Predominance of universities with centralized PhD program policies 集中博士項目政策的大學佔主導地位
Wide availability of funding opportunities (depending on prior qualifications) 廣泛的資助機會（取決於先前的資格
Universities tend to cooperate with other PhD programs internationally, although internationalization in Europe is more pronounced than in the U.S. 儘管歐洲的國際化比美國更為明顯，但大學傾向於與國際上的其他博士項目合作。
Table 3. Characteristics of PhD students, Flanders 2013 (N = 3659): percentage (%), mean (M), standard deviation (SD), minimum-maximum (Min-Max).Differences
Fees. Considerable variation in fees in US higher education institutions, but generally higher than in Europe. In Belgium, the PhD program fee is less than €300 (around 325 USD). A similar fee is charged for the PhD defense
.
費用：美國高等教育機構的學費差異很大，但普遍高於歐洲。 在比利時，博士課程費用不到 300 歐元（約合 325 美元）。 博士學位答辯也收取類似的費用。
Degree. Unlike in the U.S., in most of Europe obtaining a Master』s degree is not part of the PhD program, but an entrance requirement
. In the U.S., most PhD programs require a Bachelor』s degree (4 years of study) or a Master』s degree. 學位：與美國不同，在歐洲大多數國家，獲得碩士學位並不是博士學位課程的一部分，而是入學要求。 在美國，大多數博士課程都需要學士學位（4 年學習）或碩士學位。
Variation in publication requirement. While publication requirements
vary considerably across countries and disciplines, European PhD models may put more emphasis on having published research by the time of dissertation submission. 發表論文要求：雖然不同國家和學科的發表要求差異很大，但歐洲博士模式可能更強調在提交論文時發表研究成果。
Time-to-degree. Although there is significant variation between disciplines, median time-to-degree in the U.S. is 7 years (often due to the mandatory integration of a Master』s degree), and, in Europe, 5 years. 完成學位時間：儘管不同學科之間存在顯著差異，但美國獲得學位的中位時間為 7 年（通常是由於碩士學位的強制整合），而在歐洲為 5 年。
Finance. In the U.S., being accepted into a PhD program is often associated with a scholarship that not only pays the fees but also a stipend. In Belgium, the majority of PhD students has a fixed-term formal employment contract with the university
(as research assistant or project researcher) or received a personal PhD scholarship
. A small minority of PhD students are employed elsewhere or are unemployed. 資助：在美國，被博士學位課程錄取通常與獎學金相關，獎學金不僅支付學費，還提供津貼。 在比利時，大多數博士生與大學簽訂有固定期限的正式就業合同（作為研究助理或項目研究員）或獲得個人博士獎學金。 少數博士生在其他地方就業或失業。
PhD program. In the U.S., more emphasis
is put on formalized intensive coursework with PhD students needing to pass qualifying exams before they can proceed. In contrast, European PhD programs may put more emphasis on personal 「on-the-job」 training by an advisor. 博士課程。 在美國，更加重視正式的強化課程，博士生需要通過資格考試才能繼續學習。 相比之下，歐洲博士課程可能更注重顧問的個人「在職」培訓。
Table 5. Predictors of common mental health problems in PhD students, Flanders 2013 (N = 3659): odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), level of significance, relative weights (RW – only reported when p < 0.05).Katia Levecque, Frederik Anseel, Alain De Beuckelaer, Johan Van der Heyden, Lydia Gisle, "Work organization and mental health problems in PhD students", Research Policy, Volume 46, Issue 4, 2017, Pages 868-879, ISSN 0048-7333, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respo
子彈真得飛一會兒。說來我導師說過，就是國內導師，就是不管風評好還是不好，對於學生的控制力也都是非常強的，有些喜歡很獨立工作的人，他真的很不容易適應。外國，外導，非華人，特別是六七十歲七八十歲這種老師，他相對來說真的非常自由，你不找他就跟死了一樣。而且你心態建設也比較好建設，我已經有覺悟了，做不好就做不好，做好了自然好，不會出現那種擰巴心態。可能有人會覺得不好，但是蘿卜青菜各有所愛。