【情况】
$ sudo /sbin/vboxconfig
vboxdrv.sh: Building VirtualBox kernel modules.
This system is not currently set up to build kernel modules (system extensions).
Running the following commands should set the system up correctly:

  yum install kernel-core-devel-4.6.7-300.fc24.x86_64
(The last command may fail if your system is not fully updated.)
  yum install kernel-core-devel
vboxdrv.sh: failed: Look at /var/log/vbox-install.log to find out what went wrong.
This system is not currently set up to build kernel modules (system extensions).
Running the following commands should set the system up correctly:

  yum install kernel-core-devel-4.6.7-300.fc24.x86_64
(The last command may fail if your system is not fully updated.)
  yum install kernel-core-devel

There were problems setting up VirtualBox.  To re-start the set-up process, run
  /sbin/vboxconfig
as root.

【解决方案】
1.临时关闭SELinux：
$ sudo setenforce 0
2.安装kernel-devel：
$ sudo dnf install kernel-devel
Last metadata expiration check: 2:18:31 ago on Sat Aug 27 06:48:41 2016.
Dependencies resolved.
================================================================================
 Package             Arch          Version                 Repository      Size
================================================================================
Installing:
 kernel-devel        x86_64        4.6.7-300.fc24          updates         10 M

Transaction Summary
================================================================================
Install  1 Package

Total download size: 10 M
Installed size: 39 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
kernel-devel-4.6.7-300.fc24.x86_64.rpm          131 kB/s |  10 MB     01:22   
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total                                           127 kB/s |  10 MB     01:24    
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
  Installing  : kernel-devel-4.6.7-300.fc24.x86_64                          1/1
  Verifying   : kernel-devel-4.6.7-300.fc24.x86_64                          1/1

Installed:
  kernel-devel.x86_64 4.6.7-300.fc24                                           

Complete!

3.重新配置
$ sudo /sbin/vboxconfig
vboxdrv.sh: Building VirtualBox kernel modules.
vboxdrv.sh: Starting VirtualBox services.

【参考资料】
http://tieba.baidu.com/p/3292793851